# Unit Tests & Classes¶

Tomas Beuzen, September 2020

These exercises complement Chapter 3.

import math


## Exercises¶

### 1.¶

The function area() accepts the argument radius and calculates the area of a circle. Write three tests using assert statements for the following conditions:

1. Assert that area(1) returns a float;

2. Assert that area(0) returns a value of 0;

3. Assert that area(5) is approximately equal to 78.5 (hint: math.isclose(..., abs_tol=0.1))

def area(radius):
"""Calculate the area of a circle based on the given radius."""
return math.pi * radius ** 2

# Your answer here.


### 2.¶

In the spirit of the EAFP (easier to ask for forgiveness than permission) philosophy. Modify the code of the function area() and add a try/except statement to catch the type error raised by passing a string to area() as shown below:

area('10')

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-4-28e1bc493b84> in <module>
----> 1 area('10')

2     """Calculate the area of a circle based on the given radius."""
----> 3     return math.pi * radius ** 2

TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for ** or pow(): 'str' and 'int'

def area(radius):
"""Calculate the area of a circle based on the given radius."""


### 3.¶

In the spirit of the LBYL (look before you leap) philosophy. Modify the code of the function area() and add a conditional if/else statement to make sure that a user has passed a number (int or float) to the area() function. If they pass something else, raise a TypeError.

def area(radius):
"""Calculate the area of a circle based on the given radius."""


### 4.¶

For this exercise I want you to create a class called Circle. It should have the following characteristics:

1. It should be initiated with the argument radius and store this as an instance attribute.

2. Have a method area() which calculates the area of the circle.

3. Have a method circumference() which calculates the circumference of the circle.

4. Have the method __str__() which is a special method in Python and controls what is output to the screen when you print() an instance of your class (learn more here). The print() statement should print the string f"A Circle with radius {self.radius}".

I’ve provided some tests for you to check your class.

class Circle:
"""A circle with a radius r."""


assert Circle(3).radius == 3, "Test 1 failed."
assert math.isclose(Circle(3).area(), 28.3, abs_tol=0.1), "Test 2 failed."
assert math.isclose(Circle(3).circumference(), 18.8, abs_tol=0.1), "Test 3 failed."
assert Circle(3).__str__() == "A Circle with radius 3", "Test 4 failed."

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-8-5dbdbcaa4346> in <module>
----> 1 assert Circle(3).radius == 3, "Test 1 failed."
2 assert math.isclose(Circle(3).area(), 28.3, abs_tol=0.1), "Test 2 failed."
3 assert math.isclose(Circle(3).circumference(), 18.8, abs_tol=0.1), "Test 3 failed."
4 assert Circle(3).__str__() == "A Circle with radius 3", "Test 4 failed."

TypeError: Circle() takes no arguments


### 5.¶

Now, let’s create a new class sphere that inherits from the circle class we created above. It should have the following characteristics:

1. It should be initiated exactly the same as Circle was, with the single argument radius which is stored as an instance attribute.

2. Have a method volume() which calculates the volume of the sphere ($$\frac{4}{3}{\pi}{r^3}$$).

3. Outputs the string f"A Sphere with volume 4.19" when you call print(Sphere(1)) (hint: recall the __str__() method from the previous question).

I’ve provided some tests for you to check your class.

# Your answer here.

assert Sphere(3).radius == 3, "Test 1 failed."
assert math.isclose(Sphere(3).area(), 28.3, abs_tol=0.1), "Test 2 failed."
assert math.isclose(Sphere(3).circumference(), 18.8, abs_tol=0.1), "Test 3 failed."
assert math.isclose(Sphere(3).volume(), 113.1, abs_tol=0.1), "Test 3 failed."
assert Sphere(1).__str__() == "A Sphere with volume 4.19", "Test 4 failed."

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-10-605d8a1c6bb6> in <module>
----> 1 assert Sphere(3).radius == 3, "Test 1 failed."
2 assert math.isclose(Sphere(3).area(), 28.3, abs_tol=0.1), "Test 2 failed."
3 assert math.isclose(Sphere(3).circumference(), 18.8, abs_tol=0.1), "Test 3 failed."
4 assert math.isclose(Sphere(3).volume(), 113.1, abs_tol=0.1), "Test 3 failed."
5 assert Sphere(1).__str__() == "A Sphere with volume 4.19", "Test 4 failed."

NameError: name 'Sphere' is not defined


### 6.¶

Imagine that users of our Sphere class often want to instantiate our class with a circumference instead of a radius. Add a class method called from_circ() to the Sphere class that allows users to do this. The method should calculate the radius from the passed circumference, and then use that radius to make an instance of Sphere.

I’ve provided some tests for you to check your modified class.

# Your answer here.

assert Sphere.from_circ(0).radius == 0, "Test 1 failed."
assert Sphere.from_circ(3 * math.pi).radius == 1.5, "Test 2 failed."
assert math.isclose(Sphere.from_circ(6).radius, 0.95, abs_tol=0.1), "Test 3 failed."
assert math.isclose(Sphere.from_circ(6).volume(), 3.65, abs_tol=0.1), "Test 4 failed."
assert Sphere.from_circ(6).__str__() == "A Sphere with volume 3.65", "Test 5 failed."

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-12-c64f2af0ae75> in <module>
----> 1 assert Sphere.from_circ(0).radius == 0, "Test 1 failed."
2 assert Sphere.from_circ(3 * math.pi).radius == 1.5, "Test 2 failed."
3 assert math.isclose(Sphere.from_circ(6).radius, 0.95, abs_tol=0.1), "Test 3 failed."
4 assert math.isclose(Sphere.from_circ(6).volume(), 3.65, abs_tol=0.1), "Test 4 failed."
5 assert Sphere.from_circ(6).__str__() == "A Sphere with volume 3.65", "Test 5 failed."

NameError: name 'Sphere' is not defined


## Solutions¶

### 1.¶

The function area() accepts the argument radius and calculates the area of a circle. Write three tests using assert statements for the following conditions:

1. Assert that area(1) returns a float;

2. Assert that area(0) returns a value of 0;

3. Assert that area(5) is approximately equal to 78.5 (hint: math.isclose(..., abs_tol=0.1))

def area(radius):
"""Calculate the area of a circle based on the given radius."""
return math.pi * radius ** 2

assert isinstance(area(1), float), 'Test 1 failed!'
assert area(0) == 0, 'Test 2 failed!'
assert math.isclose(area(5), 78.5, abs_tol=0.1)


### 2.¶

In the spirit of the EAFP (easier to ask for forgiveness than permission) philosophy. Modify the code of the function area() and add a try/except statement to catch the type error raised by passing a string to area() as shown below:

area('10')

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-15-28e1bc493b84> in <module>
----> 1 area('10')

2     """Calculate the area of a circle based on the given radius."""
----> 3     return math.pi * radius ** 2

TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for ** or pow(): 'str' and 'int'

def area(radius):
"""Calculate the area of a circle based on the given radius."""
try:
return math.pi * radius ** 2
except TypeError:
except:
print("Some other error occurred!")


### 3.¶

In the spirit of the LBYL (look before you leap) philosophy. Modify the code of the function area() and add a conditional if/else statement to make sure that a user has passed a number (int or float) to the area() function. If they pass something else, raise a TypeError.

def area(radius):
"""Calculate the area of a circle based on the given radius."""
return math.pi * radius ** 2
else:


### 4.¶

For this exercise I want you to create a class called circle. It should have the following characteristics:

1. It should be initiated with the argument radius and store this as an instance attribute.

2. Have a method area() which calculates the area of the circle.

3. Have a method circumference() which calculates the circumference of the circle.

4. Have the method __str__() which is a special method in Python and controls what is output to the screen when you print() an instance of your class (learn more here). The print() statement should print the string f"A Circle with radius {self.radius}".

I’ve provided some tests for you to check your class.

class Circle:
"""A circle with a radius r."""

def area(self):
"""Calculate the area of the circle."""
return math.pi * self.radius ** 2

def circumference(self):
"""Calculate the circumference of the circle."""
return 2.0 * math.pi * self.radius

def __str__(self):

assert Circle(3).radius == 3, "Test 1 failed."
assert math.isclose(Circle(3).area(), 28.3, abs_tol=0.1), "Test 2 failed."
assert math.isclose(Circle(3).circumference(), 18.8, abs_tol=0.1), "Test 3 failed."
assert Circle(3).__str__() == "A Circle with radius 3", "Test 4 failed."


### 5.¶

Now, let’s create a new class sphere that inherits from the circle class we created above. It should have the following characteristics:

1. It should be initiated exactly the same as Circle was, with the single argument radius which is stored as an instance attribute.

2. Have a method volume() which calculates the volume of the sphere ($$\frac{4}{3}{\pi}{r^3}$$).

3. Outputs the string f"A Sphere with volume 4.19" when you call print(Sphere(1)) (hint: recall the __str__() method from the previous question).

I’ve provided some tests for you to check your class.

class Sphere(Circle):
"""A sphere with a radius r."""

def volume(self):
"""Calculate the volume of the sphere."""
return 4 / 3 * math.pi * self.radius ** 3

def __str__(self):
return f"A Sphere with volume {self.volume():.2f}"

assert Sphere(3).radius == 3, "Test 1 failed."
assert math.isclose(Sphere(3).area(), 28.3, abs_tol=0.1), "Test 2 failed."
assert math.isclose(Sphere(3).circumference(), 18.8, abs_tol=0.1), "Test 3 failed."
assert math.isclose(Sphere(3).volume(), 113.1, abs_tol=0.1), "Test 3 failed."
assert Sphere(1).__str__() == "A Sphere with volume 4.19", "Test 4 failed."


### 6.¶

Imagine that users of our Sphere class often want to instantiate our class with a circumference instead of a radius. Add a class method called from_circ() to the Sphere class that allows users to do this. The method should calculate the radius from the passed circumference, and then use that radius to make an instance of Sphere.

I’ve provided some tests for you to check your modified class.

class Sphere(Circle):
"""A sphere with a radius r."""

def volume(self):
"""Calculate the volume of the sphere."""
return 4 / 3 * math.pi * self.radius ** 3

@classmethod
def from_circ(cls, circumference):
"""Make an instance of Sphere from a circumference."""
radius = circumference / (2 * math.pi)

assert Sphere.from_circ(0).radius == 0, "Test 1 failed."